Just like fat, sugar is one of those ingredients that we might want to cut out of ice cream. Or at least reduce. But just like fat, sugar is an essential component of ice cream. So while we can certainly reduce it, it's very difficult to cut it out altogether.
This is because sugar contributes to ice cream in several important ways:
- It gives sweetness to the ice cream
- It adds body to the ice cream
- It keeps the ice cream soft
Sugar adds Sweetness
All sugars are sweet. But different sugars have different levels of sweetness. This is really useful, as it allows us to adjust the sweetness of our ice creams by using different types of sugar.
Palm Sugar ice cream: very sweet!
Levels of sweetness are measured against the sweetness of Sucrose (the scientific name for table sugar) and are referred to as "Relative Sweetness". Sucrose has a relative sweetness of 100. And all other sugars have values relative to that.
Most ice cream is far too sweet. To the extent that you can't taste any of the dairy flavors. Just sugar. But by using different sugars, we can reduce the sweetness of our homemade ice cream to create much more interesting and less sickly flavor profiles.
Sugar adds Body
Sugars are mostly solids. And solids will obviously add body to ice cream. This body gives ice cream a firmness which resists the spoon and the tongue. Ice creams with lots of body start to get a bit chewy, which may or may not be desirable!
Gelato always has a lot of body
Solids also help reduce ice crystal size by absorbing water in the mixture, so it can't move about freely to join and grow existing ice crystals. So by increasing the levels of sugar in our mixes we can also control icy coarseness in our ice creams
Sugar adds Softness
Sugar also keeps ice cream soft. How does it do this? Well, it's a bit complicated. But it does this by lowering the freezing point of water...
Regular water freezes hard at 32 °F (0 °C). But when we add sugar to water, the sugar causes the water to freeze at a temperature somewhere below that. I'll explain how this works later on!
The exact temperature it will freeze at depends on how much sugar we add. But what's important is that a higher concentration of sugar means a lower freezing temperature.
As sugar concentration (molality of sucrose) increases, freezing point decreases
But what's this got to do with ice cream?
As we know, ice cream consists of three states: solid (ice), gas (air) and liquid (water), in a perfect balance. When we remove our ice cream from the ice cream machine, it's not yet balanced: it's still really soft because a lot of the water in the mixture hasn't frozen to ice yet.
This is because the ice cream maker isn't powerful enough to get the mixture cold (or solid) enough. However, when we transfer the ice cream to the freezer which is much more powerful, more of the water in the ice cream starts to freeze to ice.
But remember, the water in ice cream isn't regular water. When we make the mixture, we add sugar. So the water in ice cream is sweetened water with a much lower freezing point than regular water.
And as more of the water freezes to ice, the concentration of sugar in the remaining water increases, which reduces the freezing point of that water still further. Until at some point the concentration of sugar is so great that no more water will turn to ice, even at the 0 °F (-18 °C) temperature in our freezers.
This is why, even at very low temperatures, a proportion of ice cream remains liquid. And it's this liquid proportion of ice cream that keeps it soft!
The thing is: different types of sugar lower the freezing point of water to different extents. So we can also vary the types of sugars we use, to make our ice creams more, or less, soft!
We can use sugar to make soft ice cream
The degree to which a sugar lowers the freezing point of water is called the "Relative Freezing Point Depression".
Just like Relative Sweetness, Relative Freezing Point Depression is measured against Sucrose. So Sucrose has a relative freezing point depression of 1.0 and all other sugars have values relative to that.
Different types of Sugars used in Ice Cream
So, we know that sugars make ice cream sweet, give it body and keep it soft. And we also know that different types of sugars do these things to different extents. Let's now take a look at those different sugars...
Sugar | Relative sweetness | Total solids % | Relative freezing point depression |
|---|---|---|---|
Sucrose | 100 | 100 | 1.0 |
Dextrose | 74 | 92 | 1.9 |
Fructose | 173 | 100 | 1.9 |
Lactose | 16 | 100 | 1.0 |
Maltodextrin | 20 | 100 | 0.3 |
Honey | 130 | 74 | 1.46 |
Invert sugar | 125 | 77 | 1.9 |
Karo light corn syrup | 33 | 80 | 1.9 |
Sucrose
Sucrose is table sugar. Granulated, caster, icing and brown sugar are all Sucrose. It's the most familiar sugar and is available everywhere.
And in terms of sweetness and freezing point depression, it's the base against which other sugars are measured.
Dextrose
Dextrose is ¾ as sweet as Sucrose but lowers the freezing point of water by almost twice as much. So by replacing some Sucrose with Dextrose, we can make our ice creams less sweet and more soft.
It's often available in pharmacists, home brew shops and the baking isles of supermarkets. Dextrose is also known as Glucose.
Fructose
Fructose lowers the freezing point of water to the same degree as Dextrose. But it's really sweet: much sweeter than Sucrose. For this reason, I find it's less useful in homemade ice cream.
Maltodextrin
Maltodextrin is not very sweet and doesn't have too much effect on the freezing point of water. It's often used to bulk up mixtures that are otherwise low on solids.
So it's ideal in sorbets made with watery fruit (such as watermelon), where if we made up the solids with other sugars, they would be too sweet. It's also useful in savory ice creams.
Invert Sugar
Invert sugar is a syrup widely used in professional cooking. It's sweeter than Sucrose and depresses the freezing point of water to the same degree as Dextrose.
It has a significant effect on the texture of ice cream, adding body and reducing ice crystals.
Chefs buy it pre-prepared in big tubs from brands like Trimoline. But we can easily make it at home.
Karo Light Corn Syrup
Karo Light Corn Syrup behaves in a similar way to Invert Sugar. However, it's significantly less sweet. It's also much easier to get your hands on than Invert Sugar in the US! However, it does have a slightly metallic taste, so it needs to be used in moderation with lighter flavors.
Honey
Honey is acts like a flavored invert sugar. Because basically, that's what it is! It's very sweet and often strongly flavored, so we need to be careful how much we use. But it's fun to experiment with different types and flavors of honey in ice cream.
Getting the proportions right
Using combinations of different sugars allows us to take complete control of the sweetness, body and softness of our ice creams. My ice cream calculator can help here.
Ice cream usually contains between 14 and 24% sugar by weight. Be careful with sugars that lower the freezing point of water more than Sucrose though, as if you use too much, your ice creams won't freeze properly!
Below is a collection of the sugar combinations that I've come across in various books and websites. I'll keep adding to these as I find them. I think they can act as a useful guide!
Chef | Total Sugar | Individual Sugars | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
Dana Cree | 20% | 15% Sucrose | Philadelphia base |
Dana Cree | 25% | 15% Sucrose | Sherbet base |
Jeni Bauer | 15% | 15% Sucrose 5% Karo Light Corn Syrup | Standard cream cheese base |
Nick Palumbo | 18% | 15% Sucrose | For high solids (>39%) or high fat gelato |
Nick Palumbo | 18% | 12.5% Sucrose 3.5% Dextrose 2% Maltodextrin | For medium solids (34-39%) gelato |
Nick Palumbo | 18% | 12.5% Sucrose 2% Dextrose 3.5% Maltodextrin | For low solids (30-34%) or low fat sorbet or gelato |
Nick Palumbo | 18% | 15% Sucrose 3% Maltodextrin | For very low solids and alcoholic |
13% | 8% Sucrose 2% Invert Sugar | Standard ice cream base |
Sugar in Ice Cream: Final Thoughts
Sugar is an essential component of ice cream. Rather than reduce it or remove it altogether, maybe we should try to embrace sugar and appreciate it for the great contribution it makes!
It adds sweetness, body and softness. And our ice creams would be bland, thin and icy hard without it! Yes, we can make sugar-free ice creams, and I'll be covering this in the future. But generally, if we enjoy ice cream in moderation, there'll be no problem.
Playing around with different sugars in different combinations enables us to take complete control over the texture and taste of our ice creams. So I'd urge you to experiment!
